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United Nations list of non-self-governing territories

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"Non-self-governing territory" redirects here. For a more inclusive list of such territories, see dependent territory.

UN General Assembly
Resolution 66 (I)
United Nations General Assembly resolution A/RES/66 (I) dated 14 January 1946
Date14 December 1946
Meeting no.Sixty fourth
CodeA/RES/66(1) (Document)
SubjectTransmission of information under Article 73e of the Charter [relating to non-self-governing territories]
ResultAdopted

Chapter XI of the United Nations Charter defines a non-self-governing territory (NSGT) as a territory "whose people have not yet attained a full measure of self-government". Chapter XI of the UN Charter also includes a "Declaration on Non-Self-Governing Territories" that the interests of the occupants of dependent territories are paramount and requires member states of the United Nations in control of such territories to submit annual information reports concerning the development of those territories. Since 1946, the UNGA has maintained a list of non-self governing territories under member states' control. Since its inception, dozens of territories have been removed from the list, typically when they attained independence or internal self-government, while other territories have been added as new administering countries joined the United Nations or the UN General Assembly (UNGA) reassessed their status.

Since 1961 the list has been maintained by the Special Committee on Decolonization.

History

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Chapter XI of the UN Charter contains a Declaration Concerning Non-Self-Governing Territories.[1] Article 73(e) requires UN member states to report to the United Nations annually on the development of NSGTs under their control. From the initial reports provided by eight member states (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States), a list was compiled in 1946 listing 72 NSGTs.[2][3] In several instances, administering states were later allowed to remove dependent territories from the list, either unilaterally (as in the case of French overseas territories such as French Polynesia),[4][5] or by a vote of the General Assembly (as in the cases of Puerto Rico, Greenland, the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname).[6]

Map of territories on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories.

The list draws its origins from the period of colonialism and the Charter's concept of non-self-governing territories. As an increasing number of formerly colonized countries became UN members, the General Assembly increasingly asserted its authority to place additional territories on the list and repeatedly declared that only the General Assembly had the authority to authorize a territory's being removed from the list upon attainment of any status other than full independence. For example, when Portugal joined the United Nations it contended that it did not control any non-self-governing territory, claiming that areas such as Angola and Mozambique were an integral part of the Portuguese state, but the General Assembly rejected this position. Similarly, Western Sahara was added in 1963 when it was a Spanish colony. As with Namibia, which was seen, due to its former status as a League of Nations mandate territory, as a vestige of German colonial legacy in Africa, until it was removed in 1990 upon its independence. A set of criteria for determining whether a territory is to be considered "non-self-governing" was established in General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV) of 1960.[7] Also in 1960, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 1514 (XV), promulgating the "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", which declared that all remaining non-self-governing territories and trust territories were entitled to self-determination and independence. The following year, the General Assembly established the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (sometimes referred to as the Special Committee on Decolonization, or the "Committee of 24" because for much of its history the committee was composed of 24 members), which reviews the situation in non-self-governing territories each year and reports to the General Assembly. A revised list in 1963 listed 64 NSGTs.

Resolutions adopted

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1946

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  • UNGA Resolution 64(I) regarding the Establishment of the Trusteeship Council.[8]
  • UNGA Resolution 66(I) regarding Transmission of information under Article 73 e of the Charter.[9]

1947

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  • UNGA Resolution 142(II) regarding Standard form for the guidance of Members in the preparation of information to be transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter.
  • UNGA Resolution 143(II) regarding Supplemental documents relating to information transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter.
  • UNGA Resolution 144(II) regarding Voluntary transmission of information regarding the development of self-governing institutions in the Non-Self-Governing Territories.
  • UNGA Resolution 145(II) regarding Collaboration of the specialized agencies in regard to Article 73 e of the Charter.
  • UNGA Resolution 146(II) regarding Creation of a special committee on information transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter.

1960

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1961

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1966

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1990–2000

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2001–2010

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2011–present

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Criticism

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The list remains controversial in some countries for various reasons:

Referendums

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One reason for controversy is that the list includes some dependencies that have democratically chosen to maintain their current status, or have had a referendum in which local government requirements were not met regarding the number of votes required to support a change of status or the number of voters participating (e.g., in the United States Virgin Islands).

Falkland Islands

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The Falkland Islands is a British Overseas Territory with a population of 4,000 people and an autonomous government, that is also claimed by Argentina due to an inherited historical colonial claim to the islands by Spain. In March 2013, the Falkland Islands government organised a referendum on the status of the territory. With a 92% turnout, 99.7% of Falkland Islands voters voted to maintain the status quo, with only three islanders (0.2%) favouring a change.[12]

Gibraltar

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Gibraltar is largely a self-governing British territory on the tip of the Iberian Peninsula with a population of about 30,000 people, whose territory is claimed by Spain. It continues to be listed as an NSGT though its residents expressed a preference in two referendums to retain the status quo. In 1967, they were asked whether to retain their current status or to become part of Spain. The status quo was favoured by 12,138 votes to 44. In 2002, a proposal for a joint British–Spanish administration of the territory was voted down by 17,900 votes to 187. (The "no" vote accounted for more than 85% of Gibraltar's entire electorate).[13] The United Nations did not recognise either referendum, with the 1967 referendum being declared in contravention of previous UN resolutions.[14] The Spanish government does not recognize any right of the current Gibraltar inhabitants to self-determination, on the grounds that they are not the original population of the territory, but residents transferred by the colonial power, the United Kingdom.[15]

Tokelau

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The territory of Tokelau divides political opinion in New Zealand.[16] In response to attempts at decolonizing Tokelau, New Zealand journalist Michael Field wrote in 2004: "The UN ... is anxious to rid the world of the last remaining vestiges of colonialism by the end of the decade. It has a list of 16 territories around the world, virtually none of which wants to be independent to any degree."[17] Field further notes that Patuki Isaako, who was head of Tokelau's government at the time of a UN seminar on decolonization in 2004, informed the United Nations that his country had no wish to be decolonized, and that Tokelauans had opposed the idea of decolonization ever since the first visit by UN officials in 1976.

In 2006, a UN-supervised referendum on decolonization was held in Tokelau, where 60.07% of voters supported the offer of self-government. However, the terms of the referendum required a two-thirds majority to vote in favor of self-government. A second referendum was held in 2007, in which 64.40% of Tokelauans supported self-government, falling short of the two-thirds majority by 16 votes. This led New Zealand politician and former diplomat John Hayes, on behalf of the National Party, to state that "Tokelau did the right thing to resist pressure from [the New Zealand government] and the United Nations to pursue self-government".[18] In May 2008, the United Nations' Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged colonial powers "to complete the decolonization process in every one of the remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories".[19] This led the New Zealand Herald to comment that the United Nations was "apparently frustrated by two failed attempts to get Tokelau to vote for independence from New Zealand".[20]

Viability

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A lack of population and landmass is an issue for at least one territory included on the list: the British overseas territory Pitcairn Islands, which has a population of less than 50 descended primarily from indigenous Polynesians and mutineers from HMS Bounty. Regardless, the territory's colonial status was disputed during the 2004 sexual assault trial where the seven defendants – comprising a third of the adult male population – unsuccessfully argued that the islanders had rejected British control ever since the 1789 mutiny and, as a result, British criminal law did not apply to them. Four other territories – Tokelau, Montserrat, the Falkland Islands and Saint Helena – are also less populous than any current UN member state.

In addition, some territories are financially dependent on their administering state.

Completely autonomous dependencies

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  Currently listed territories
  Formerly listed territories

Another criticism is that a number of the listed territories, such as Bermuda (see Politics of Bermuda), the Falkland Islands[21] and Gibraltar,[22][23][24][25] consider themselves completely autonomous and self-governing, with the "administering power" retaining limited oversight over matters such as defence and diplomacy.[citation needed] In past years, there were ongoing disputes between some administering powers and the Decolonization Committee over whether territories such as pre-independence Brunei and the West Indies Associated States should still be considered "non-self-governing", particularly in instances where the administering country was prepared to grant full independence whenever the territory requested it. These disputes became moot as those territories eventually received full independence.

Removed under other circumstances

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Territories that have achieved a status described by the administering countries as internally self-governing – such as Puerto Rico, the Netherlands Antilles, and the Cook Islands – have been removed from the list by vote of the General Assembly,[6] often under pressure of the administering countries.

Some territories that have been annexed and incorporated into the legal framework of the controlling state (such as the overseas regions of France, and the U.S. states of Alaska and Hawaii) are considered by the UN to have been decolonized, since they then no longer constitute "non-self-governing" entities; their populations are assumed to have agreed to merge with the former parent state. However, in 1961, the General Assembly voted to end this treatment for the "overseas provinces" of Portugal such as Angola and Mozambique, which were active focus of United Nations attention until they attained independence in the mid-1970s.

Territories have also been removed for other reasons. In 1972, for example, Hong Kong (then administered by the United Kingdom) and Macau (then administered by Portugal) were removed from the list at the request of the People's Republic of China, which had just been recognized as holding China's seat at the United Nations. This was due to the PRC's belief that their presence on the list implied eventual independence of the territory, instead of their status being handled by bilateral negotiations.[26]

Change of status

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On 2 December 1986, New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France, was reinstated on the list of non-self-governing territories, an action to which France objected. Within France it has had the status of a collectivité sui generis, or a one-of-a-kind community, since 1999. Under the 1998 Nouméa Accord, its Territorial Congress had the right to call for three referendums on independence between 2014 and 2018. The first referendum was held on 4 November 2018 (56.4% against independence), the second referendum on 4 October 2020 (53.26% against independence), and the third referendum on 12 December 2021 (96.50% against independence). While in all three the independence was rejected, the result of the third referendum stems from the boycott by the pro-independence Kanak community in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia.

French Polynesia was also reinstated on the list on 17 May 2013, in somewhat contentious circumstances. Having been re-elected President of French Polynesia in 2011 (leader of local government), Oscar Temaru asked for it to be re-inscribed on the list; it had been removed in 1947. (French Polynesia is categorised by France as an overseas country, in recognition of its self-governing status.) During the year 2012, Oscar Temaru engaged in intense lobbying with the micro-states of Oceania, many of which, the Solomon Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu, submitted to the UN General Assembly a draft of a resolution to affirm "the inalienable right of the population of French Polynesia to self-determination and independence".

On 5 May 2013, Temaru's Union for Democracy party lost the legislative election to Gaston Flosse's pro-autonomy but anti-independence Tahoera'a Huiraatira party; obtaining only 11 seats against the party of Gaston Flosse, with 38 seats, and the autonomist party A Ti'a Porinetia with 8 seats.

At this stage, the United Nations General Assembly was due to discuss French Polynesia's re-inscription on the list twelve days later, in accordance with a motion tabled by Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Nauru. On 16 May, the Assembly of French Polynesia, with its new anti-independence majority, adopted a motion asking the United Nations not to restore the country to the list. On 17 May, despite French Polynesia's and France's opposition, the country was restored to the list of non-self-governing territories. Temaru was present for the vote, on the final day of his mandate as President. The United Nations affirmed "the inalienable right of the people of French Polynesia to self-determination and independence".

A few hours before the UN review of the resolution, during its first meeting, the new Territorial Assembly adopted by 46 votes to 10 a "resolution" expressing the desire of Polynesians to maintain their autonomy within the French Republic. In spite of this resolution adopted by the parties representing 70% of the Polynesian voters, the UN General Assembly inscribed French Polynesia on the list of the territories to be decolonized during its plenary assembly of 17 May 2013. France did not take part in this session while the United States, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom disassociated themselves from this resolution.[27][28]

List not complete

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Main articles: Special Committee on Decolonization and Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

Also controversial are the criteria set down in 1960 to 1961 by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV),[29] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV), Principle 12 of the Annex,[30] and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)[31] which only focused on colonies of the Western world, namely Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list of administering states was not expanded afterwards.[32]

Nevertheless, some of the 111 members who joined the UN after 1960 gained independence from countries not covered by Resolution 1541 and were themselves not classified as "Non-Self-Governing Territories" by the UN. Of these that joined the UN between 1960 and 2008, 11 were independent before 1960 and 71 were included on the list (some as a group). Twenty new UN countries resulted from breakup of Second World states and of Yugoslavia: six were part of Yugoslavia, two were part of Czechoslovakia, and 12 were part of the Soviet Union (Ukraine and Belarus already had UN seats before the dissolution of the USSR, whose seat was reused by the Russian Federation without acceding anew). Out of the other ten, seven[which?] (mostly Arab) were colonies or protectorates of the "Western" countries, and one each was a non-self-governing part of Ethiopia (later independent Eritrea), Pakistan (East Pakistan, later independent Bangladesh) and Sudan (later independent South Sudan). Territories like Tibet, the Xinjiang Uygur Region (administered by China) and Siberia (or parts thereof; administered by the Soviet Union, later by Russia) have never been on the list. Also, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), which considered themselves illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, were not on the list either. Western New Guinea (also known as West Papua), which was ceded to Indonesia, is also not on the list as well as Sarawak and Sabah, which were handed to Malaya during its territorial expansion through the formation of Malaysia in 1963.[citation needed] In 2018, the government of Vanuatu started seeking international support to have West Papua added to the list in 2019.[33][34]

After the revocation of Norfolk Island's self-governing status by the Australian government in 2015, an island community group requested the UN add the island to the list of non-self-governing territories.[35]

Current entries

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See also: Special Committee on Decolonization § Listed non-self-governing territories

The following 17 territories are currently included in the list.[36]

Overview of non-self-governing territories
Territory Administering state Domestic legal status Other claimant(s) Population Area Referendum(s) See also
km2 sq mi
 American Samoa  United States Unincorporated unorganized territory None 55,519 200 77 No official referendum has been held. Politics of American Samoa
 Anguilla  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 14,108 96 37 No official referendum has been held. Politics of Anguilla
 Bermuda  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 62,000 57 22 A 1995 Bermudian independence referendum was held. 74% of votes cast were against independence.[37] Politics of Bermuda
 British Virgin Islands  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 28,103 153 59 No official referendum has been held. Politics of the British Virgin Islands
 Cayman Islands  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 55,500 264 102 No official referendum has been held. Foreign relations of the Cayman Islands
 Falkland Islands  United Kingdom Overseas territory  Argentina 2,500 12,173 4,700 Two referendums have been held in 1986 and 2013 on whether the Falklands should join Argentina. On both occasions, voters overwhelmingly chose continued British control.[38][39] Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
 French Polynesia[A]  France Overseas country None 271,000 4,000 1,500 No official referendum has been held. Politics of French Polynesia
 Gibraltar  United Kingdom Overseas territory  Spain 29,752 6 2.3 There were referendums in 1967 and in 2002, both returning an overwhelming victory for the pro-British side.[41][42] Status of Gibraltar
 Guam  United States Unincorporated organized territory None 159,358 540 210 Three status referendums have been held, one in 1976[43] and two in 1982 (one in January[44] and the other in September[45]), with all three of them supporting an improved Commonwealth status under U.S. control. Politics of Guam
 Montserrat  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 5,000 103 40 No official referendum has been held. Government of Montserrat
 New Caledonia[B]  France Sui generis collectivity None 252,000 18,575 7,172 There were referendums in 1987,[47] 2018,[48] 2020,[49] and 2021,[50] all deciding against independence. Politics of New Caledonia
 Pitcairn[C]  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 50 36 14 No official referendum has been held. Politics of the Pitcairn Islands
 Saint Helena[D]  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 5,396 310 120 No official referendum has been held. Politics of Saint Helena
 Tokelau  New Zealand Territory None 1,411 12 4.6 There were two referendums on self-determination in Tokelau in 2006 and 2007, with both coming just shy of the required two-thirds "yes" margin.[51][52] Politics of Tokelau
 Turks and Caicos Islands  United Kingdom Overseas territory None 31,458 948 366 No official referendum has been held. Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands
 U.S. Virgin Islands  United States Unincorporated organized territory None 106,405 352 136 A 1993 United States Virgin Islands status referendum was held. The status quo was widely preferred among voters, but the result was invalidated because of the low turnout.[53] Politics of the United States Virgin Islands
Western Sahara[E]  Spain
(de jure,[56] but not de facto) 		Disputed
619,060 266,000 103,000 The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara has attempted to organize a referendum since 1991, but none has been held so far.[57] Political status of Western Sahara

Notes

  1. ^ On 18 May 2013, the United Nations General Assembly voted to place French Polynesia back on the list.[40]
  2. ^ On 2 December 1986, the United Nations General Assembly voted to place New Caledonia back on the list.[46]
  3. ^ Officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands.
  4. ^ Officially Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
  5. ^ A disputed territory with undetermined political status.[54] Formerly Spanish Sahara up to 1976, administration is currently split between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, both of which claim the entire territory. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic's administrative control is limited to approximately 30% of the territory, with the remaining 70% of the territory occupied by Morocco.[55] The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara is the United Nations peacekeeping mission to the territory (see Western Sahara conflict).

Former entries

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The following territories were originally listed by UN General Assembly Resolution 66 (I) of 14 December 1946 as Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territory. The dates show the year of independence or other change in a territory's status which led to their removal from the list,[58] after which information was no longer submitted to the United Nations.[6]

Change in status by administering state

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Overview of non-self-governing territories that had a change in status
Trust / Territory[6] Change in status[6] Current status Administering state[6] Population Area / km2 Area / mi2 Year removed[6] See also
 Alaska Granted statehood (full integration with the United States) U.S. state  United States 683,478 1,700,130 656,424 1959 Legal status of Alaska
 British Hong Kong Removed from the list on request of China[26] Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (since 1 July 1997):
 Hong Kong 		United Kingdom 7,018,636 1,092 422 1972 Politics of Hong Kong
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands Voted to integrate into Australia External territory of Australia  Australia 596 14 5 1984 Shire of Cocos
 Cook Islands Gained self-rule State in free association with New Zealand New Zealand 12,271 237 92 1965 Politics of the Cook Islands
 Dutch Guiana Granted more autonomy  Suriname  Netherlands 475,996 163,270 63,039 1955 Politics of Suriname
 French Guiana Became an overseas department (full integration with the French Republic) Overseas department and region of France  France 209,000 83,534 32,253 1947 Politics of French Guiana
 French Polynesia (later reinstated)[a] Became an overseas territory (semi-autonomous collectivity of the French Republic) Overseas country of France:
 French Polynesia

Overseas state private property of France:
Clipperton Island 		 France 298,256 4,441 1,715 1947 Politics of French Polynesia
 Greenland Incorporated into Denmark as Greenland County (1953). Gained home rule as a Country within the Kingdom of Denmark (1979). Increased autonomy (2009) Autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark[59][60] Denmark 57,564 2,166,086 836,330 1954 Politics of Greenland
 Guadeloupe Became an overseas department (full integration with the French Republic) Overseas department and region of France:
 Guadeloupe

Overseas collectivities of France:
 Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin 		 France 408,000 1,628 629 1947 Politics of Guadeloupe, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Martin
 Hawaii Granted statehood (full integration with the United States) U.S. state  United States 1,283,388 28,311 10,931 1959 Legal status of Hawaii
 Martinique Became an overseas department (full integration with the French Republic) Overseas department and region of France  France 401,000 1,128 436 1947 Politics of Martinique
 Netherlands Antilles Granted more autonomy Constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands:
 Aruba
 Curaçao
 Sint Maarten

Special municipalities of the Netherlands:
 Bonaire
 Sint Eustatius
 Saba 		 Netherlands 225,369 960 371 1955 Politics of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and the Netherlands Antilles
 New Caledonia (later reinstated)[b] Became an overseas territory (semi-autonomous collectivity of the French Republic) Sui generis collectivity of France

Overseas collectivity of France:
 Wallis and Futuna 		 France 224,824 19,060 7,359 1947 Politics of New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna
 Niue Gained self-rule State in free association with New Zealand New Zealand 1,444 260 100 1974 Politics of Niue
 Northern Mariana Islands Became a Commonwealth Unincorporated territory of the United States with Commonwealth status  United States 53,883 168 65 1990 Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands
 Panama Canal Zone Removed from the list on request of Panama[citation needed] Part of Colón, Panamá, and Panamá Oeste provinces of Panama  United States 1947 Politics of Panama
Portuguese Macau Removed from the list on request of China[26] Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (since 20 December 1999):
 Macau 		 Portugal 545,674 28 11 1972 Politics of Macau
 Puerto Rico Became a Commonwealth (semi-autonomous unincorporated territory of the United States) Unincorporated territory of the United States with Commonwealth status  United States 3,958,128 8,870 3,420 1952 Political status of Puerto Rico
 Réunion Became an overseas department (full integration with the French Republic) Overseas department and region of France  France 868,000 2,512 970 1947 Politics of Réunion
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Became an overseas department and then an overseas territory (semi-autonomous collectivity of the French Republic) Overseas collectivity of France  France 7,044 242 93 1947 Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
  1. ^ The United Nations General Assembly voted to reinstate French Polynesia (former French Establishments in Oceania) to the list by General Assembly Resolution A/67/265 on 18 May 2013.
  2. ^ New Caledonia was reinstated on the list in 1986 by the General Assembly Resolution No. A/RES/41/41 of the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

Joined another state

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Overview of non-self-governing territories that joined another state
Non-self-governing territory[6] State joined[6] Current status Administering state Population Area Year removed[6] See also
km2 sq mi
British Cameroons Northern Cameroons joined Nigeria
Southern Cameroons joined Cameroon 		Adamawa, Borno and Taraba states of Nigeria, Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon  United Kingdom 1961 Politics of Nigeria
Politics of Cameroon
Spain Ifni Integrated into Morocco Sidi Ifni, Guelmim-Oued Noun, Morocco  Spain 51,517 1,502 580 1969 Politics of Morocco
 Portuguese India Annexed by India The Indian state of Goa and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu  Portugal 1961 Annexation of Goa
France French India Integrated into India Puducherry union territory and Chandannagar of West Bengal state of India  France 973,829 492 190 1947 Coup d'état of Yanaon
 Netherlands New Guinea Integrated into Indonesia as Irian Jaya Papua and West Papua provinces of Indonesia  Netherlands 420,540 162,370 1963 Act of Free Choice
North Borneo Joined with Malaya to form Malaysia[61] Malaysian state of Sabah and the federal territory of Labuan  United Kingdom 285,000 76,115 29,388 1963 Malaysia Agreement[61]
Portugal São João Batista de Ajuda Integrated into the Republic of Dahomey (now Benin) Ouidah commune, Atlantique department, Benin  Portugal 1961 Politics of Benin
Colony of Sarawak Joined with Malaya to form Malaysia[61] Malaysian state of Sarawak  United Kingdom 546,385 124,450 48,050 1963 Malaysia Agreement[61]
United Kingdom British Togoland Joined British Gold Coast colony Volta, Northern and Upper East regions of Ghana  United Kingdom 1957 Foreign relations of Ghana

Independence

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Overview of non-self-governing territories that gained independence
Non-self-governing territory[6] Sub-unit Independent as[6] Administering state Population Area Year removed[6] See also
km2 sq mi
Aden Colony Aden Protectorate  South Yemen  United Kingdom 285,192 110,113 1967 Yemeni unification in 1990
 Portuguese Angola Angola Angola  Portugal 7,024,000[62] 1,246,700 481,400 1975 Including the enclave of Cabinda
 British Leeward Islands Antigua  Antigua and Barbuda  United Kingdom 1981
 Bahamas  The Bahamas  United Kingdom 13,878 5,358 1973
 Barbados  Barbados  United Kingdom 431 166 1966
Basutoland  Lesotho  United Kingdom 30,355 11,720 1966
 Bechuanaland Protectorate  Botswana  United Kingdom 1966
 Brunei  Brunei Darussalam  United Kingdom 5,765 2,220 860 1984
France French Cameroun  Cameroon  France 1960 Trust Territory
 Portuguese Cape Verde  Cape Verde  Portugal 4,033 1,557 1975
 Belgian Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo Léopoldville  Belgium 16,610,000[63] 2,344,858 905,355 1960
Cyprus British Cyprus  Cyprus  United Kingdom 9,251 3,572 1960
 Dutch East Indies  Indonesia (excluding Western New Guinea)  Netherlands 1950
East Timor  East Timor  Indonesia 688,711 15,007 5,794 2002 Politics of East Timor
Portugal Portuguese Timor  Indonesia  Portugal 15,007 5,794 2002 Indonesian occupation of East Timor
 French Equatorial Africa France French Congo  Republic of the Congo  France 1960
France French Gabon  Gabon  France 1960
France Ubangi Shari  Central African Republic  France 1960
France French Chad  Chad  France 1960
Fiji Fiji Islands  Fiji  United Kingdom 1970
Gambia Colony and Protectorate  The Gambia  United Kingdom 10,380 4,010 1965
 Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gilbert Islands  Kiribati  United Kingdom 1979
Gilbert and Ellice Islands Tuvalu (Ellice Islands)  Tuvalu  United Kingdom 1978
 Gold Coast  Ghana  United Kingdom 1957
 British Guiana  Guyana  United Kingdom 1966
 Portuguese Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Portugal 36,125 13,948 1974
 Spanish Guinea  Equatorial Guinea  Spain 28,051 10,831 1968
 British Honduras  Belize  United Kingdom 145,000[64] 22,966 8,867 1981
 French Indochina Cambodia French protectorate of Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia  France 1953
Laos French protectorate of Laos  Kingdom of Laos  France 1949
 Tonkin (French protectorate) North Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam  France 1945 Vietnamese unification in 1976
 Annam (French protectorate)
 French Cochinchina South Vietnam State of Vietnam  France 1949 Vietnamese unification in 1976
Jamaica Colony of Jamaica  Jamaica  United Kingdom 11,100 4,300 1962
Kenya Colony of Kenya  Kenya  United Kingdom 1963 Formed by the unification of the Colony of Kenya and the Kenya Protectorate
 British Leeward Islands  Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla  St. Kitts and Nevis  United Kingdom 1983 Separated from Anguilla, which is still a non-self-governing territory
France French Madagascar  Comoros  France 1975
France French Madagascar  Madagascar  France 1960
 Malayan Union  Federation of Malaya  United Kingdom 132,364 51,106 19,732 1957 Later became Malaysia
Malta Colony of Malta  Malta  United Kingdom 316 122 1964
Mauritius British Mauritius  Mauritius  United Kingdom 2,040 790 1968
Morocco French protectorate of Morocco  Morocco  France 1956
 Portuguese Mozambique  Mozambique  Portugal 7,300,000[62] 784,955 303,073 1975
Trust Territory of Nauru  Nauru  Australia 21 8.1 1968
 New Hebrides  Vanuatu United KingdomFrance Anglo-French Condominium 100,000[65] 12,189 4,706 1980
Nigeria British Nigeria  Nigeria  United Kingdom 1960
 Northern Rhodesia  Zambia  United Kingdom 3,545,200[66] 752,618 290,587 1964
 Nyasaland  Malawi  United Kingdom 752,618 290,587 1964
 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands  Marshall Islands  United States 68,000 180 69 1990 Independent states in free association with the United States
 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands  Federated States of Micronesia  United States 111,000 702 271 1990 Independent states in free association with the United States
 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands  Palau  United States 20,956 459 177 1994 Independent states in free association with the United States
Territory of Papua and New Guinea  Papua New Guinea  Australia 1975
Belgium Ruanda-Urundi  Burundi  Belgium 1962
Belgium Ruanda-Urundi  Rwanda  Belgium 1962
Portugal Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe  São Tomé and Príncipe  Portugal 1,001 386 1975
 Seychelles  Seychelles  United Kingdom 451 174 1976
Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate  Sierra Leone  United Kingdom 71,740 27,700 1961
Singapore Singapore  Federation of Malaya  United Kingdom 4,608,167 693 268 1963 Singapore first became a state of Malaysia in 1963, before becoming independent in 1965.
Solomon Islands British Solomon Islands  Solomon Islands  United Kingdom 28,896 11,157 1978
 British Somaliland State of Somaliland  United Kingdom 1960 Joined the Trust Territory of Somalia within a week to form the Somali Republic
 French Somaliland  Djibouti  France 200,000[67] 23,200 9,000 1977
Trust Territory of Somaliland  Somalia  Italy 1960 Joined the State of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic
South Africa South West Africa  Namibia  South Africa 2,088,669 825,418 318,696 1990 Foreign relations of Namibia
 Southern Rhodesia  Zimbabwe  United Kingdom 6,930,000[68] 390,580 150,800 1980
 Swaziland  Swaziland  United Kingdom 17,364 6,704 1968
 Tanganyika  Tanganyika  United Kingdom 1961 Trust Territory. Later joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, now Tanzania
Togo French Togoland  Togo  France 1960 Trust Territory
 Trinidad and Tobago  Trinidad and Tobago  United Kingdom 5,128 1,980 1962
French Tunisia  Tunisia  France 163,610 63,170 1956
Uganda Uganda Protectorate  Uganda  United Kingdom 1962
 French West Africa  French Sudan  Ivory Coast  France 1960
 French West Africa  French Sudan  Mali  France 1960
 French West Africa  French Sudan  Mauritania  France 1960
 French West Africa France French Guinea  Guinea  France 1958
 French West Africa France French Dahomey  Dahomey  France 1960
 French West Africa France Colony of Niger  Niger  France 1960
 French West Africa France Colony of Niger  Senegal  France 1960
 French West Africa France Colony of Niger  Upper Volta  France 1960
Western Samoa Trust Territory  Western Samoa  New Zealand 1962
 British Windward Islands  Dominica  United Kingdom 1978
 British Windward Islands  Grenada  United Kingdom 1974
 British Windward Islands  St. Lucia  United Kingdom 1979
 British Windward Islands  St. Vincent and the Grenadines  United Kingdom 1979
 Sultanate of Zanzibar  Kenya  United Kingdom 1963 The Dominion of Kenya was formed by the unification of the Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya; the protectorate, a ten-mile-wide (16 km) coastal strip (Mwambao), had been under Zanzibari sovereignty and administered by the UK[69]
 Sultanate of Zanzibar  Zanzibar  United Kingdom 2,643 1,020 1963 The British protectorate over the Sultanate of Zanzibar was terminated in 1963 and the state was admitted to the UN; in 1964, the sultan was deposed and the People's Republic of Zanzibar was proclaimed; later that year, it joined with the Republic of Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, now Tanzania

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  2. ^ Simon, Sven (5 June 2014), Walter, Christian; von Ungern-Sternberg, Antje; Abushov, Kavus (eds.), "Western Sahara", Self-Determination and Secession in International Law, Oxford University Press, p. 259, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702375.003.0013, ISBN 978-0-19-870237-5, retrieved 5 August 2020
  3. ^ Nations, United. "International Week of Non-Self-Governing Territories". United Nations. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  4. ^ Gonschor, Lorenz (2013). "Mai te hau Roma ra te huru: The Illusion of "Autonomy" and the Ongoing Struggle for Decolonization in French Polynesia". The Contemporary Pacific. 25 (2): 260. ISSN 1043-898X. JSTOR 23725651.
  5. ^ "French Polynesia Battles for Independence". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–2002) listed by General Assembly of the United Nations
  7. ^ i.e. extenuating circumstance, historical control, longstanding/stagnated issue, etc.
  8. ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64(I)
  9. ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66(I)
  10. ^ "UN Treaty Collection: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  11. ^ "UN Treaty Collection: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  12. ^ "Falklands referendum: Voters choose to remain UK territory", BBC News, 12 March 2013
  13. ^ "Q&A: Gibraltar's referendum". BBC News. 8 November 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  14. ^ "Resolution 2353" (PDF). UN. 19 December 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  15. ^ Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal, Antonio Cassese, Cambridge University Press, 1995, page 209
  16. ^ Election 2011, Radio New Zealand
  17. ^ Field, Michael (2 June 2004). "Tokelau wonders, 'What have we done wrong?'". Pacific Islands Report. AFP. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  18. ^ "Congratulations Tokelau", National Party press release, 26 October 2007
  19. ^ "Colonialism has no place in today's world," says Secretary General in message to Decolonization Seminar in Indonesia". United Nations press release, 14 May 2008
  20. ^ "Tokelau decolonisation high on agenda". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 17 May 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  21. ^ "New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands". MercoPress. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  22. ^ Parliament.uk, UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee 2007–2008 Report, pg 16
  23. ^ Telegraph.co.uk, David Blair, Gibraltar makes plans for self-government, Daily Telegraph, 28 February 2002 "GIBRALTAR'S parliament approved an ambitious package of constitutional reform yesterday designed to give the colony almost complete self-government."
  24. ^ "Gibraltar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 August 2009. Gibraltar is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom and is self-governing in all matters but defence.
  25. ^ "Laws of Gibraltar – On-line Service". Gibraltarlaws.gov.gi. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  26. ^ a b c Carroll, John M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 176.
  27. ^ "Tahiti assembly votes against UN decolonisation bid", Radio New Zealand International, 17 May 2013
  28. ^ "L'ONU adopte une résolution sur la décolonisation de la Polynésie française". Le Monde, 17 May 2013
  29. ^ General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Archived 24 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine adopted by United Nations General Assembly
  30. ^ General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV) adopted by United Nations General Assembly on the reports of the Sixth Committee
  31. ^ General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI) Archived 12 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine adopted by United Nations General Assembly
  32. ^ United Nations Trusteeship Agreements or were listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing
  33. ^ "Vanuatu will continue West Papua initiative", One PNG, 6 September 2018
  34. ^ "Pacific Forum backs ‘constructive engagement’ over West Papua", Asia Pacific Report, 7 September 2018
  35. ^ "Norfolk Island Amendment (Supreme Court) Bill 2020".
  36. ^ "Non-Self-Governing Territories". United Nations.
  37. ^ "Bermudians vote to stay British". The Independent. 17 August 1995. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  38. ^ ch, Beat Müller, beat (at-sign) sudd (dot) (2 April 1986). "Falkland-Inseln, 2. April 1986 : Status -- [in German]". www.sudd.ch. Retrieved 31 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ "Falklands referendum: Voters choose to remain UK territory". BBC News. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  40. ^ General Assembly adds French Polynesia to UN decolonization list
  41. ^ correspondent, Terence Prittie, our diplomatic (11 September 2018). "Gibraltar votes to remain with Britain – archive, 11 September 1967". the Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2022. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Gibraltar votes out joint rule with Spain". the Guardian. 8 November 2002. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  43. ^ ch, Beat Müller, beat (at-sign) sudd (dot) (4 September 1976). "Guam (USA), 4. September 1976 : Status -- [in German]". www.sudd.ch. Retrieved 31 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ ch, Beat Müller, beat (at-sign) sudd (dot) (30 January 1982). "Guam (USA), 30. Januar 1982 : Status -- [in German]". www.sudd.ch. Retrieved 31 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ ch, Beat Müller, beat (at-sign) sudd (dot) (4 September 1982). "Guam (USA), 4. September 1982 : Status (Stichentscheid) -- [in German]". www.sudd.ch. Retrieved 31 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ General Assembly adds New Caledonia to UN decolonization list
  47. ^ Markham, James M.; Times, Special To the New York (14 September 1987). "New Caledonia Votes to Remain French Territory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  48. ^ "Vive la France: New Caledonia rejects independence in historic referendum". ABC News. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  49. ^ "New Caledonia rejects independence from France". France 24. 4 October 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  50. ^ "New Caledonia votes in tense final referendum on independence from France". France 24. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  51. ^ "Beehive.govt.nz - Tokelau referendum does not produce a two thirds majority in favour of a change of status". 14 May 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  52. ^ "Tokelau votes to remain dependent territory of New Zealand". NZ Herald. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  53. ^ United States Virgin Islands, 11 October 1993: Status Direct Democracy (in German)
  54. ^ BBC News: Western Sahara profile
  55. ^ City Population: Western Sahara (disputed territory)
  56. ^ Kassoti, Eva. "The Front Polisario v. Council Case: The General Court, Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit and the External Aspect of European Integration". European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration. 2017 2 (1). European Papers (www.europeanpapers.eu): 339–356. doi:10.15166/2499-8249/122. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  57. ^ "Background". MINURSO. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  58. ^ "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 (I)". Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  59. ^ Infobox image Archived 20 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine in "History" section of "About Greenland", English version of the official country government website. Accessed online 2008-09-28, Sunday.
  60. ^ "JURIST | School of Law | University of Pittsburgh".
  61. ^ a b c d See: The UK Statute Law Database: the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Malaysia Act 1963
  62. ^ a b 1967 estimate
  63. ^ 1960 estimate
  64. ^ 1980 estimate, see: British Honduras#Demographics
  65. ^ 1976 estimate
  66. ^ 1963 estimate, see: Northern Rhodesia#Demographics
  67. ^ 1963 estimate
  68. ^ 1978 estimate
  69. ^ "Agreement between the government of the United Kingdom, His Highness the Sultan of Zanzibar, the government of Kenya and the government of Zanzibar", London, 8 October 1963
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